Life expectancy grinds to a halt in England for the first time in 100 YEARS

Life expectancy in England has ground to a halt for the first time in a century, according to a landmark report.

Professor Sir Michael Marmot, a leading expert on public health, said the widening gap between the rich and poor is to blame.

His 172-page report said life expectancy in England has barely improved in the last decade – the first time in more than 100 years it has failed to significantly increase for a 10-year period.

And for those in the poorest areas it has actually declined – by almost a year for women living in the North East.

The University College London professor said the nation had ‘lost a decade’ and ‘England is faltering,’ Professor Marmot said.

The graphic above shows the life expectancy rates for both women and men from 1981 to 2018

Life expectancy for those in the poorest areas has actually declined – by almost a year for women living in the North East

Figures show how the UK has gained less than eight weeks in life expectancy improvements since 2011. The US has barely had an improvement for men, and has had less than a two week rise for women. Estonia leads the way, with men gaining more than 20 weeks in the last decade

A graph shows how life expectancy at birth has changed across England since 2010 for men, with jumps recorded in all of the least deprived areas – but the opposite has happened in some of the most deprived parts of the country

The report also contained data showing how life expectancy at birth has changed for women, with similar increases seen in the least deprived areas. The rate only increased in one of the deprived regions

HOW HAS LIFE EXPECTANCY CHANGED IN THE MOST DEPRIVED AREAS OF ENGLAND SINCE 2010?

NORTH WEST

Men: +0.43 years

Women: +0.04 years

NORTH EAST

Men: -0.5 years

Women: -0.85 years

YORKSHIRE & THE HUMBER

Men: -0.28 years

Women: -0.36 years

EAST MIDLANDS

Men: +0.13 years

Women: -0.81 years

EAST OF ENGLAND

Men: -0.18 years

Women: -0.31 years

WEST MIDLANDS

Men: +0.27 years

Women: +0.09 years

SOUTH WEST

Men: +0.08 years

Women: -0.5 years

LONDON

Men: +1.23 years

Women: +0.91 years

SOUTH EAST

Men: +0.14 years

Women: -0.32 years

‘From the beginning of the 20th century, England experienced continuous improvements in life expectancy but from 2011 these improvements slowed dramatically.’

Life expectancy in men has risen by just half a year, from 79.01 in 2010-12 to 79.56 in 2016-18.

While in women it rose by about a third of a year from 82.83 to 83.18, according to the report by the Institute of Health Equity.

The University College London-led body launched in 2011, and is supported by the Department of Health and the British Medical Association.

Professor Marmot said this was a dramatic slow-down compared to before 2010, when life expectancy had steadily risen for more than a century.

‘Pretty much – with a few dips and bounces – life expectancy improved about one year every four years from the end of the 19th century until 2010, then it slowed down dramatically,’ he said.

He calculated that only 20 per cent of the recent slow-down was due to bad flu seasons – and the rest down to deep-rooted issues.

‘If health has stopped improving, that means society has stopped improving and if health inequalities continue and in fact increase, that means inequalities in society have been increasing,’ Professor Marmot said.

‘A similar lost decade would mean continuing worsening of health inequalities and continued flatlining of life expectancy.’ He said poverty, inequality and the politics of austerity were to blame.

The difference in life expectancy between the richest and poorest 10 per cent of people has increased from 9.1 years to 9.5 years for men since 2010 and from 6.8 years to 7.7 years for women, he said.

‘This damage to the nation’s health need not have happened,’ Professor Marmot said.

‘It is shocking. The UK has been seen as a world leader in identifying and addressing health inequalities but something dramatic is happening.

Men born in the most deprived areas of Britain can expect to live until they are around 74, almost a decade less than those born in affluent areas. For women, the difference is about eight years (78 compared to 86)

Data shows how men born in the least deprived areas of England (on the right of the graph) can expect to live for longer than those born in the most deprived areas (on the left of the graph)

Life expectancy has ground to a halt for the first time in a century. Men’s life expectancy rose by half a year from 79.01 in 2010/12 to 79.56 in 2016/18. In women it rose by about third of a year from 82.83 to 83.18 in same time period (file)

WHERE DO PEOPLE LIVE THE LONGEST IN THE WORLD?

Swiss women live the longest in the world, suggests a review of life expectancies from 15 major countries.

Females living in the land-locked European nation can expect to live for 79.03 years.

Australian women rank second at 78.9 years, with Norway coming in at third place at an average of 78.61 years.

Italy came bottom of the pile for women, with females from the nation famous for its cuisine living until they are 72.14, on average.

Women in the UK and US have a life expectancy of 76.43 years and 76.08, ranking sixth and eighth, respectively.

Scientists at the University of Pennsylvania revealed Australia tops the charts for male life expectancy at 74.1 years.

Men in the European countries of Sweden and Switzerland came second (74.02 years) and third place (73.7 years).

Males from sunny Portugal only have a life expectancy of 64.77 years, placing them last out of the 15 countries.

For men, the UK ranks sixth (72.33 years) and the US fares slightly worse at eighth place (71.57 years).

The findings were published in the journal Population Studies in August.

‘This report is concerned with England, but in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland the damage to health and wellbeing is similarly unprecedented.’ He added: ‘Austerity has taken a significant toll on equity and health and it is likely to continue to do so.

‘If you ask me if that is the reason for the worsening health picture I’d say it is highly likely that is responsible for the life expectancy flatlining, people’s health deteriorating and the widening of health inequalities.

‘Poverty has a grip on our nation’s health – it limits the options families have available to live a healthy life.

‘Something has gone badly wrong.’ Professor Marmot accepted that the Government has pledged an end to austerity – with spending increasing on the NHS, education and the police.

But he said to really end austerity ministers need to undo the damage done by a decade of cuts.

And he said the Prime Minister must take bold action if he is to keep his promise to ‘level up’ the North – pointing out that Conservative seats taken from Labour in December’s general election have an average female life expectancy of just 60.9 years, compared to 65.0 years in seats the Tories had held previously.

Dr Jennifer Dixon, chief executive of the Health Foundation charity, which commissioned the report, said: ‘To “level up” the country as the Government aims, it must take action to level up the health and wellbeing of the population.

‘Having secured new support from voters in “red wall” areas, there is a real opportunity for the Government to show more leadership to narrow the health gap.

‘Existing efforts are welcome but fragmented and under-powered.’ Imran Hussain of the Action for Children charity said: ‘This landmark report delivers a devastating judgement on a decade of crippling cuts to lifeline services like Sure Start and benefits for families fighting to keep their heads above water.

‘While politicians hail the end of austerity, every day at Action for Children our frontline services tell us child poverty levels are at the worst they can remember with parents coming to us desperate for help to keep their families warm and well fed.’

Jonathan Ashworth MP, Labour’s Shadow Health Secretary, said: ‘There is no greater social injustice than people dying sooner because of poverty and austerity.’