2. Chills
Chills include feelings of coldness accompanied by shaking and shivering. In some conditions, chills arise without fever. However, in Ebola, chills usually arise after the occurrence of fever.
3. Sore throat
The percentage of occurrence of sore throat as an initial symptom of EVD is 56-58 per cent. Several reports say that the Ebola virus causes painful throat, like a sensation of dry rope or ball inserted in the throat region. [2]
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4. Severe headache
Headache is common in flu or the common cold, but severe headache can be a warning sign of Ebola. According to the CDC, in the 2014 outbreak of Ebola in West Africa, the severe headache was among the most reported symptoms.[3]
5. Malaise
Malaise is referred to as a feeling of discomfort, restlessness or uneasiness. The malaise in Ebola usually comes after the primary symptoms such as fever, chills or headache.
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6. Lack of appetite
Ebola haemorrhagic fever usually affects all the body organs including the gastrointestinal system. This results in problems like lack of appetite in which the desire to eat is reduced leading to weakness or fatigue.
8. Breathing difficulties
A study talks about the pulmonary involvement of the Ebola virus, suggesting that the virus may infect the respiratory system of a person. Scientists have found some evidence during the 2013-2016 Ebola outbreak that the virus shed in the lungs lead to a risk of aerosol transmission, similar to that of COVID-19. This results in breathing difficulties, chest pain and other respiratory illnesses. [5]
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10. Fatigue and weakness
Ebola patients often feel intense fatigue and weakness, a symptom that makes a person extremly tired or lethargic, both physically and mentally. Fatigue and weakness usually follow due to vomiting, diarrhoea or loss of appetite.
12. Diarrhoea (may be bloody) and vomiting
Common gastrointestinal problems in Ebola include diarrhoea (70 per cent) and vomiting and nausea (60 per cent). These conditions can be life-threatening if not treated on time. The reason behind blood in the stool or vomit is still unclear, but it can be due to mucosal breakdown or bleeding of the gastro tract. [8]
13. Unexplained haemorrhaging
Haemorrhaging refers to blood loss or bleeding. Haemorrhaging is the serious complication in EVD and the exact cause behind it is unknown. However, several theories say that haemorrhaging is due to platelet dysfunction in a serious ill Ebola patient. Possible bleeding can occur from ears, eyes, nose or rectum leading to the death of a person.
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14. Rashes on the skin
Ebola is also characterised by diffuse maculopapular rashes (both flat and raised skin bumps). The Ebola virus enters the body not only through bodily fluids but also through breaks on the skin. The immune system then produces inflammatory cytokines to combat the infection, and as a response to cytokines proteins, rashes occur typically during the 5-7 days of the infection. [9]
15. Difficulties in swallowing
Ebola can affect the respiratory system and may cause problems in swallowing foods. Also, due to severe cough or sore throat, the windpipe gets inflamed and may cause this problem. The long duration of this symptom may result increase the risk of death of a person.
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