1. Vitamin B12
The water-soluble vitamin is important for the functioning of the red blood cells and the nervous system. This deficiency may lead to anaemia, infertility, fatigue, tingling in the feet or tips of the palm fingers and even depression [3]. Vegetarians and vegans are at a higher risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency. The daily recommended intake of vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg per day for adults, 2.6 mcg per day during pregnancy, and 2.8 mcg per day while breastfeeding.
Food sources: As doctors suggest, the only way to get the right amount of vitamin B12 into your body is by eating fortified foods or taking a vitamin B12 supplement [4]. You can buy vitamin B12 fortified plant milk, soy products and cereals.
2. Vitamin D
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to decreased bone density and affect the thyroid gland’s function. The fat-soluble vitamin plays a major role in managing immune function, mood, memory, and muscle recovery [5]. The daily recommended intake of vitamin D for children and adults is 15 mcg per day. Pregnant or lactating women and the elderly should consume 20 mcg per day.
Food sources: As very few natural foods contain vitamin D, supplementation is necessary. Mushrooms exposed to UV light and vitamin D-fortified soy milk, orange juice and ready-to-eat cereals are good options for vegans and vegetarians.
3. Zinc
A nutrient necessary for the overall functioning of your body, metabolism and immune system, zinc deficiency can result in hair loss, eye and skin lesions, and delayed wound healing [6]. The daily recommended intake of zinc is 8-11 mg per day for adults. It increases to 11-12 mg for pregnant women and 12-13 mg for lactating women [7].
Food sources:Food sources of zinc include whole grains, wheat germ, tofu, tempeh, sprouted beans, legumes such as lentils, beans and chickpeas, nuts, seeds, oats etc. Vegans can also consider taking zinc supplements after discussing them with the doctor.
4. Omega-3
Omega-3 is an unsaturated fatty acid that helps anti-inflammatory processes in the body and helps reduce the risk of heart and blood vessels diseases and may help manage depression symptoms. The symptoms of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency include fatigue, poor memory, dry skin, heart problems, mood swings or depression, and poor circulation [8]. The daily recommended intake of omega-3 fatty acids is 200-300 mg per day.
Food sources for omega-3 fatty acids include flax seeds, chia seeds, walnuts, hemp seeds, and soybeans. Studies show that using algae oil can help get the recommended amount of omega-3s for vegans [9].
5. Iron
Iron is a mineral component of red blood cells and is essential for growth and development. The symptoms of iron deficiency include extreme fatigue, weakness, pale skin, brittle nails, headache etc. The daily recommended intake of iron is 8 mg for adult men and post-menopausal women, 18 mg for adult women, and 27 mg for pregnant women [10].
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Food sources:Food sources for iron include cruciferous vegetables like cauliflower, spinach, cabbage, broccoli, beans, lentils, peas, soybeans, dried fruit, nuts, and seeds. Iron-fortified foods, such as cereals, enriched bread, and some plant milk are also beneficial.
6. Calcium
An essential mineral for bone and teeth health, the daily recommended intake of calcium is 1,000 mg per day for most adults and increases to 1,200 mg per day for adults over the age of 50 [11]. Vegans are encouraged to consume more than 525 mg of calcium, which otherwise can increase the risk of bone fractures (especially in old age).
Food sources:Plant-based food sources of calcium include bok choy, kale, mustard greens, turnip greens, watercress, broccoli, chickpeas, calcium-set tofu, and fortified plant milk or juices. Other foods include calcium-fortified juice, calcium-set tofu, leafy green vegetables including collard greens, turnip greens and kale, broccoli, beans including soybeans, chickpeas and black beans and almonds and almond butter.
7. Iodine
The health benefits of iodine are many, from improving thyroid health, reducing goitre risk, to improving cognitive function and birth weight if an infant, the nutrient is essential for your body. A lack of iodine in the diet can increase the risk of hypothyroidism, low energy levels, dry skin, tingling in your hands and feet, forgetfulness, depression, and weight gain [12]. The daily recommended intake of iodine for adults is 150 mcg, 220 mcg for pregnant women and 290 mcg for breastfeeding women. Studies show that vegans are at a higher risk of developing iodine deficiency [13].
Food sources:Food sources for iodine include seaweed and iodized salt. Moreover, the iodine levels in plants depend on the soil they grow in, that is, food grown close to the ocean tends to be higher in iodine [14].
8. Protein
One of the most debated topics in the diet world is – vegans don’t get enough protein due to the restricted diet. And that is a topic that’s been cleared time and over again. Proteins, which mainly comprise amino acids, is an important component required for the maintenance of cells and tissues. When the body lacks the adequate-protein, it hampers the functioning of the cells and the tissues and can lead to several health problems. The recommended daily intake of protein is 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight [15][16].
Food sources:Vegetarian and vegan sources of protein include legumes such as beans, peas and lentils, whole grains, soy products, nuts and nut butter, tofu, quinoa, chia seeds, broccoli, oats, sprouted grains and spirulina.
On A Final Note…
Following a vegan diet is not a risk. By substituting with the right nutrient sources and taking supplements, one can improve their overall well-being with the help of a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds and other plant-based products. Regular exercise and a proper sleep schedule too should be followed.
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